Thin Band Tattoo Designs

CLASS 02 MECHANISMS OF PRODUCTION

In there is an energy field associated with the fluid. That energy starts up certain mechanisms that drive the oil to move to the surface. These can be natural or artificial.

Among the natural mechanisms are: compressibility of the rock and fluids, release of gas in solution, gravitational segregation, push up gas cap, hydraulic thrust.

Mechanisms are artificial: the injection of fluids (water or gas).

compressibility of the rock:

As is known hydrocarbons found within the pores of the rocks that serve as a reservoir. By altering the reservoir pressure, for example, with the opening of a well, the fluids move from areas of higher pressure (reservoir) to areas of lower pressure (well), leaving more space in the pores. When the rock meets the space and less pressure then expands in the direction of least effort, which in this case is the pore space.

All rocks continue this behavior to a greater or lesser extent and are governed by the following equation:

compressibility values \u200b\u200bof the rocks are usually very low in the order of 10 ^{- 5} to 10 -6 . This type of mechanism is useful for pressures above the bubble point, since even the gas has not been released and the oil does not reach a significant value that ignore the rocks.

compressibility of the fluids

is governed by the same principle as that of the rocks. The fluids are expanded by the pressure change and move in the direction of least effort (high to low pressure).

For liquids the volume change can be calculated as follows:

V = Vi [1 + C (Pi - P)]

also from this equation and the proper handling can calculate the value of the factor of formation fluids, resulting

βi β = [1 + CΔP]

For

gas compressibility value can be obtained working properly compressibility equation of ideal gases.

As expected in standard conditions dz / z = 0 and Cg = 1 / P

gas release in solution: After

pressure in the reservoir reaches Pb and continues to decrease, the gas formed is beginning to expand and move to areas of lower pressure, carrying the oil that is in the range of drainage.

gravitational segregation:

There are three forces that guide the movement of fluids in the subsoil, the capillaries, the viscosity (associated with the pressure gradient) and gravity (associated with gravity). When drilling a well and bring the reservoir to a pressure differential such that Now P <> pg) and pushes its way to the oil well. Although usually attributed to deposits of high angle of dip, this is not the main reason. vertical direction of least resistance to gas flow and follow that path. Factors such as overload and the compressibility can contribute to the rock grains are arranged so that vertical permeability is greater than the horizontal. Pressure changes also contribute to this mechanism. Usually occurs in the drainage radius of the well but can cover more area if this increases. What happens is that the static pressure varies throughout the production and the radio was increased and therefore the phenomenon extends. It is usually a mechanism that provides greater recovery than the release of gas.

Push for gas layer:

At the top of the structure containing the oil we will have a layer of gas, the drilling and reservoir pressure change, the gas expands and pushes the oil into the well. Hydraulic Thrust

:

As gas and oil, water from the aquifer associated with the site also expands to alter the pressure and pushes the oil toward the well.

injection fluids:

Throughout the history of well production, the pressure difference between the surface and the site is declining, it may occur to the extent that the natural mechanisms of energy production does not have enough oil to flow into the well. Then you may inject fluid into the reservoir to maintain pressure or recover or assist the present mechanisms for fluids such as gas and water continue to carry crude oil to the pot.

If we consider the contribution of each mechanism of production and add them, we could get the value or amount of volume of oil to be produced because of them. The mean volume that will occur emptying a part of the site, so we can establish the following:

emptying = Compressibility Compressibility rock + fluid + gas release in solution + + Push gravitational segregation of gas layer + + Injection Hydraulic Press fluids.